Thread.stop
deprecated?Because it is inherently unsafe. Stopping a thread causes it to unlock all the monitors that it has locked. (The monitors are unlocked as the ThreadDeath
exception propagates up the stack.) If any of the objects previously protected by these monitors were in an inconsistent state, other threads may now view these objects in an inconsistent state. Such objects are said to be damaged. When threads operate on damaged objects, arbitrary behavior can result. This behavior may be subtle and difficult to detect, or it may be pronounced. Unlike other unchecked exceptions, ThreadDeath
kills threads silently; thus, the user has no warning that his program may be corrupted. The corruption can manifest itself at any time after the actual damage occurs, even hours or days in the future.
ThreadDeath
exception and fix the damaged object?In theory, perhaps, but it would vastly complicate the task of writing correct multithreaded code. The task would be nearly insurmountable for two reasons:
ThreadDeath
exception almost anywhere. All synchronized methods and blocks would have to be studied in great detail, with this in mind.ThreadDeath
exception while cleaning up from the first (in the catch
or finally
clause). Cleanup would have to be repeated till it succeeded. The code to ensure this would be quite complex.Thread.stop(Throwable)
?In addition to all of the problems noted above, this method may be used to generate exceptions that its target thread is unprepared to handle (including checked exceptions that the thread could not possibly throw, were it not for this method). For example, the following method is behaviorally identical to Java's throw
operation, but circumvents the compiler's attempts to guarantee that the calling method has declared all of the checked exceptions that it may throw:
static void sneakyThrow(Throwable t) { Thread.currentThread().stop(t); }
Thread.stop
?Most uses of stop
should be replaced by code that simply modifies some variable to indicate that the target thread should stop running. The target thread should check this variable regularly, and return from its run method in an orderly fashion if the variable indicates that it is to stop running. To ensure prompt communication of the stop-request, the variable must be volatile (or access to the variable must be synchronized).
For example, suppose your applet contains the following start
, stop
and run
methods:
private Thread blinker; public void start() { blinker = new Thread(this); blinker.start(); } public void stop() { blinker.stop(); // UNSAFE! } public void run() { while (true) { try { Thread.sleep(interval); } catch (InterruptedException e){ } repaint(); } }You can avoid the use of
Thread.stop
by replacing the applet's
stop
and
run
methods with:
private volatile Thread blinker; public void stop() { blinker = null; } public void run() { Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread(); while (blinker == thisThread) { try { Thread.sleep(interval); } catch (InterruptedException e){ } repaint(); } }
That's what the Thread.interrupt
method is for. The same "state based" signaling mechanism shown above can be used, but the state change (blinker = null
, in the previous example) can be followed by a call to Thread.interrupt
, to interrupt the wait:
public void stop() { Thread moribund = waiter; waiter = null; moribund.interrupt(); }For this technique to work, it's critical that any method that catches an interrupt exception and is not prepared to deal with it immediately reasserts the exception. We say reasserts rather than rethrows, because it is not always possible to rethrow the exception. If the method that catches the
InterruptedException
is not declared to throw this (checked) exception, then it should "reinterrupt itself" with the following incantation:
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();This ensures that the Thread will reraise the
InterruptedException
as soon as it is able.
Thread.interrupt
?In some cases, you can use application specific tricks. For example, if a thread is waiting on a known socket, you can close the socket to cause the thread to return immediately. Unfortunately, there really isn't any technique that works in general. It should be noted that in all situations where a waiting thread doesn't respond to Thread.interrupt
, it wouldn't respond to Thread.stop
either. Such cases include deliberate denial-of-service attacks, and I/O operations for which thread.stop and thread.interrupt do not work properly.
Thread.suspend
and Thread.resume
deprecated?Thread.suspend
is inherently deadlock-prone. If the target thread holds a lock on the monitor protecting a critical system resource when it is suspended, no thread can access this resource until the target thread is resumed. If the thread that would resume the target thread attempts to lock this monitor prior to calling resume
, deadlock results. Such deadlocks typically manifest themselves as "frozen" processes.
Thread.suspend
and Thread.resume
?As with Thread.stop
, the prudent approach is to have the "target thread" poll a variable indicating the desired state of the thread (active or suspended). When the desired state is suspended, the thread waits using Object.wait
. When the thread is resumed, the target thread is notified using Object.notify
.
For example, suppose your applet contains the following mousePressed event handler, which toggles the state of a thread called blinker
:
private boolean threadSuspended; Public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { e.consume(); if (threadSuspended) blinker.resume(); else blinker.suspend(); // DEADLOCK-PRONE! threadSuspended = !threadSuspended; }You can avoid the use of
Thread.suspend
and
Thread.resume
by replacing the event handler above with:
public synchronized void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { e.consume(); threadSuspended = !threadSuspended; if (!threadSuspended) notify(); }and adding the following code to the "run loop":
synchronized(this) { while (threadSuspended) wait(); }The
wait
method throws the
InterruptedException
, so it must be inside a
try ... catch
clause. It's fine to put it in the same clause as the
sleep
. The check should follow (rather than precede) the
sleep
so the window is immediately repainted when the thread is "resumed." The resulting
run
method follows:
public void run() { while (true) { try { Thread.sleep(interval); synchronized(this) { while (threadSuspended) wait(); } } catch (InterruptedException e){ } repaint(); } }Note that the
notify
in the
mousePressed
method and the
wait
in the
run
method are inside
synchronized
blocks. This is required by the language, and ensures that
wait
and
notify
are properly serialized. In practical terms, this eliminates race conditions that could cause the "suspended" thread to miss a
notify
and remain suspended indefinitely.
While the cost of synchronization in Java is decreasing as the platform matures, it will never be free. A simple trick can be used to remove the synchronization that we've added to each iteration of the "run loop." The synchronized block that was added is replaced by a slightly more complex piece of code that enters a synchronized block only if the thread has actually been suspended:
if (threadSuspended) { synchronized(this) { while (threadSuspended) wait(); } }
In the absence of explicit synchronization, threadSuspended must be made volatile to ensure prompt communication of the suspend-request.
The resultingrun
method is:
private volatile boolean threadSuspended; public void run() { while (true) { try { Thread.sleep(interval); if (threadSuspended) { synchronized(this) { while (threadSuspended) wait(); } } } catch (InterruptedException e){ } repaint(); } }
To rectify this situation, the stop method must ensure that the target thread resumes immediately if it is suspended. Once the target thread resumes, it must recognize immediately that it has been stopped, and exit gracefully. Here's how the resulting run and stop methods look:
public void run() { Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread(); while (blinker == thisThread) { try { Thread.sleep(interval); synchronized(this) { while (threadSuspended && blinker==thisThread) wait(); } } catch (InterruptedException e){ } repaint(); } } public synchronized void stop() { blinker = null; notify(); }If the stop method calls Thread.interrupt, as described above, it needn't call notify as well, but it still must be synchronized. This ensures that the target thread won't miss an interrupt due to a race condition.
Thread.destroy
?Thread.destroy
was never implemented and has been deprecated. If it were implemented, it would be deadlock-prone in the manner of
Thread.suspend
. (In fact, it is roughly equivalent to
Thread.suspend
without the possibility of a subsequent
Thread.resume
.)
Runtime.runFinalizersOnExit
deprecated?Further, the call is not "thread-safe" in the sense that it sets a VM-global flag. This forces every class with a finalizer to defend against the finalization of live objects!